References

Adelman, C. (1995). The new college course map of transcript files: changes in course-taking and achievement, 1972-1993. Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement, US Department of Education.

Adelman, C. (1999). The rest of the river. University Business, 2, 42-46, 48.

Agnew, E. (1995). Rigorous grading does not raise standards: It only lowers grades. Assessing Writing, 2, 91-103.

Anglin, P. M., & Meng, R. (2000). Evidence on grades and grade inflation at Ontario's universities. Canadian Public Policy - Analyse de Politiques, 26, 361-368.

Archibold, R. (1998, May 24) Payback time: Give me an "A" or else. New York Times, p. D4.

Astin, A. W. (1998). The changing American college student: Thirty-year trends. Review of Higher Education, 21, 115-135.

Basinger, D. (1997). Fighting grade inflation: A misguided effort. College Teaching, 45, 88-91.

Bearden J., Wolf, R., & Grosch, J. (1992). Correcting for grade inflation in studies of academic performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 745-746.

Beaver, W. (1997, July). Declining college standards: It's not the courses, it's the grades. College Board Review, pp.2-6, 29.

Becker, (1996).

Bejar, I. I., & Blew, E. O. (1981). Grade inflation and the validity of the Scholastic Aptitude Test. American Educational Research Journal, 18,143-156.

Birnbaum, R. (1977). Factors related to university grade inflation. Journal of Higher Education, 48, 519-539.

Blunt, A. (1991). The effects of anonymity and manipulated grades on student ratings of instructors. Community College Review, 18, 48-54.

Bramley, D. G., Crow, M. L., & Gibson, M. S. (1978). Grade inflation: Trends, causes, and implications. Phi Delta Kappa, 59, 694-697.

Brodie, D. A. (1998). Do students report that easy professors are excellent teachers? Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 27, 1-20.

Buck, J. (2001, February 24). Academic freedom for a free society. ASC/CBC Joint Leadership Conference, Kansas City.

Cashin, W. (1988). Student ratings of teaching: A summary of the research. ERIC Doc. No. ED 302 567.

Casas, F. R., & Meaghan, D. E. (1995). Grade inflation and university admission in Ontario: Separating fact from perception. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 25, 50-70.

Chacko, T. I. (1983). Student ratings of instruction: A function of grading standards. Educational Research Quarterly, 8, 17-25.

Chadwick, K., & Ward, J. (1987). Determinants of consumer satisfaction with education: Implications for college and university administrators. College and University, 2, 236-246.

Cizek, C. J. (1996, April 17). There's no such things as grade inflation. Education Week, p. 32.

Cole, W. (1994, January 6). By rewarding mediocrity we discourage excellence. Chronicle of Higher Education, p. B1.

Correa, H. (2001). A game theoretic analysis of faculty competition and academic standards. Higher Education Policy, 14, 175-182.

Costen, F., Greenough, E. T., & Menges, R. J. (1971). Student ratings of college teaching: Reliability, validity and usefulness. Review of Educational Research, 41, 511-535.

Crumbley, D. (1995). Steps to do. Society for a Return to Academic Standards. Available at: http://tamu.ed.oooo/-crumble/sfrtas.html.

Darby, R. (1995). Broccoli and cotton candy: Factors affecting teacher ratings. Society for a Return to Academic Standards, http://tamu.ed.8ooo/-crumble/sfrtas.html

Erekson, O. H. (1992). Joint determination of college student achievement and effort: Implications for college teaching. Research in Higher Education, 33, 432-446.

Frank, T. (2001, February). New study says grades are inflated at Ontario universities. University Affairs, p. 29.

Goldberg, G., & Callahan, J. (1991). Objectivity of student evaluations of instructors. Journal of Education for Business, 66, 377-378.

Gose, B. (1997a, February 14). Duke may shift grading plan to reward students in hard classes. Chronicle of Higher Education, p. A40.

Gose, B. (1997b, July 25). Efforts to curb grade inflation get an F from many critics. Journal of Higher Education, pp. A41-A42.

Gose, B. (1998). More freshmen than ever find themselves disengaged from their studies, survey finds. Chronicle of Higher Education, 44, p. A37,

Greenwald, A. G., & Gillmore, G. M. (1997). Grading leniency is a removable contaminant of student ratings. American Psychologist, 52, 1209-1217.

Hadley, M., & Vitale, P. (1985). Evaluating student achievement. ERIC Doc. No. 235 878.

Hancher, M. (1994, February 2). The consequences of grade inflation [Letter to the Editor]. Chronicle of Higher Education, p. A 53.

Harvey, (1995).

Hendrikson, H. R. (1976). Grade Inflation. College and University, 52, 111-116.

Howard, G. S. Conway, C G., & Maxwell, S. E. (1985). Construct validity of measures of college teaching effectiveness. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 187-196.

Hudson, J. (1989). Expected grades correlate with evaluation of teaching. Journalism Educator, 44, 38-44.

Hultgren, (1994).

Kohn, A. (1999). The costs of overemphasizing achievement. The School Administrator, 56, 40-46.

Kuh, G., & Hu, S. (1999). Unraveling the complexity of the increase in college grades from the mid-1980s the mid-1990s. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 21, 297-320.

Kwon, L., Kendig, N., & Bae, M. (1997). Grade inflation from a career counselor perspective. Journal of Employment Counseling, 34, 50-54.

Lambert, C. (1993). Desperately seeking summa. Harvard Magazine, 95, 36-40.

Lanning, W., & Perkins, P. (1995). Grade inflation: A consideration of additional causes. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 22, 163-168.

Leo, J. (1993, October 18). A for effort: Or for showing up. US News and World Report, p. 22.

Levine, A. (1994, January 19). To deflate grade inflation, simplify the system. Chronicle of Higher Education, p. B3.

Levine, A., & Cureton, J. S. (1998). Collegiate life: An obituary. Change, 30, 12-17, 51.

Lichty, R. V., Vose, D. A., & Peterson, J. M. (1978). The economic effects of grade inflation on instructor evaluation: An alternative interpretation. Journal of Economic Education, 10, 3-11.

Lundrum, R. E. (1999). Student expectations of grade inflation. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 32, 124-128.

McKeachie, W. J. (1986). Teaching tips: A guidebook for the beginning college teacher. (7th ed.). Toronto: D. C. Heath.

McSpirit, S., & Jones, K. E. (1999). Grade inflation rates among different ability students, controlling for other factors. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 7.

Mansfield, H. C. (2001, April 6). Grade inflation: It's time to face the facts. Chronicle of Higher Education, pp 1-3.

Marsh, H. W. (1984). Students' evaluation of university teaching: Dimensionability, reliability, validity, potential biases and utility. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 707-754.

Mitchell, L. C. (1998, May 8). Inflation isn't the only thing wrong with grading. Chronicle of Higher Education, p. A72.

Mullen, R. (1995, May). Indicators of grade inflation. Paper presented to the Boston Association for Institutional Research Forum.

Murray, H. G. (1998, April). The impact of student instructional ratings on quality of teaching in higher education. Reflections (University of Western Ontario Newsletter).

Nelson, J., & Lynch, K. (1984). Grade inflation, real income, simultaneity, and teaching evaluations. Journal of Economic Education, 15, 21-37.

Oldenquist, A. (1983). The decline of American education in the '60s and '70s. American Education, 19, 12-18.

Oliphant, R. (1980). Stalking the soft option: Some notes on overinflated grading standards. Liberal Education, 66, 431-439.

Olsen, D. (1997). Reality or myth? Student preparation level vs. grades at Brigham Young University, 1975-1994. ERIC Doc. No. ED 410 880.

Pedersen, D. (1997, March 3). When an A is the average: Duke takes on grade Inflation. Newsweek, p. 14.

Perkins, D., Guerin, D., & Schleh, J. (1990). Effects of grading standards information, assigned grade, and grade discrepancies in students' evaluations. Psychological Reports, 66, 635-642.

Rieck, W. A. (1993, February 10). Education's dirty secret: Grade inflation [Letter to the Editor]. Chronicle of Higher Education, p. B3.

Sabot, R., & Wakeman-Linn, J. (1991). Grade inflation and course choice. Economic Perspectives, 5,159-170.

Sacks, (1996).

Shea, C. (1994, January 5). The subtleties of grade inflation. Chronicle of Higher Education, p. A5.

Schuh, A. J. (1993). Grade inflation as a legitimate response to the unreliability of teacher-made tests for university-level coursework. Bulletin of Psychonomic Society, 21, 209-212.

Shoemaker, T., & De Vos, W. (1999). Are we a gift shop? A perspective on grade inflation. Journal of Nursing Education, 38, 394-399.

Snyder, C. R. & Clair, M. (1976). Effects of expected and obtained grades on teacher education and attribution of performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 75-82.

Stanley, G., Sale, L. B., & Kim, Y. (2001). No more shopping for grades at B - mart. Clearing House, 74, 227-231.

Staples, B. (1998, March 7). Why colleges shower their students with A's. New York Times, p. D16.

Stone, J. E. (1995). Inflated grades, inflated enrollment, and inflated budgets: An analysis and call for review at the state level. Education Policy Analysis. Available at: http://asuvm.inre.asu.edu 3 (11).

Stumpf, S. A., & Freedman, R. D. (1979). Expected grade covariation with student ratings of instruction: Individual versus class effects. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 293-302.

Summerville, R. M., Ridley, D. R., & Maris, T. L. (1990). Grade inflation: The case of urban colleges and universities. College Teaching, 38, 33-38.

Trout, P. A. (1997a). Disengaged students and the decline of academic standards. Academic Questions, 10, 46-56.

Trout, P. A. (1997b). What the numbers mean: Providing a context for numerical student evaluation of courses. Change, 29, 24-30.

Trout, P. A. (1998, July 24). Incivility in the classroom breeds "education lite." Chronicle of Higher Education, p. A46.

Vasva, R., & Sarmiento, R. F. (1979). Liberal grading improves evaluations but not performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 207-211.

Wilson, R. (1998, January 16). New research casts doubt on value of student evaluations of professors. Chronicle of Higher Education, pp. A12-A14.

Wingspread Group on Higher Education. (1993). An American imperative: Higher expectations for higher education, an open letter to those concerned about he American future. Racine, WI: Johnson Foundation.

Zangenehzadeh, H. (1988). Grade inflation: A way out. Journal of Economic Education, 19, 217-226.

Zirkel, P. A. (1999). Grade inflation: A leadership opportunity for schools of education? Teachers College Record, 101, 247-260.

Selected bibliography

Archibold, R. (1998, February 18). Just because the grades are up, are Princeton students smarter? New York Times, p. 1.

Baker, P. C. (1994, February 9). The causes and consequences of grade inflation [Letter to the Editor]. Chronicle of Higher Education, p. B3.

Becker, G. S. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. Economic Journal, 75, 493-517.

Becker, H. S. (1995). Introduction to Transaction edition: "Making the grade" revisited. In H. S. Becker, B. Geer and E. C. Hughes (Eds.) Making the grade: The academic side of college life (pp xi - xx). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

Du Cette, J., & Kenney, J. (1982). Do grading standards affect student evaluations of teaching? Some new evidence on an old question. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 308-314.

Goldman, L. (1985). The betrayal of the gatekeepers: Grade inflation. Journal of General Education, 37, 97-121.

Hardy, L. (1985, December). Grade inflation: When everyone gets high marks, what's an A really worth? American School Board Journal, pp. 28-30.

Healey, P. (1997). HOPE scholarships transform the University of Georgia. Chronicle of Higher Education, 40. 32-34.

Hearn, A. (2002, June). Corporate U. thrives on alienated scholars. CAUT Bulletin, p. A14.

Hettinger, J. (1994, February 9). The causes and consequences of grade inflation [Letter to the Editor]. Chronicle of Higher Education, p. B4.

Kolevzon, M. S. (1981). Grade inflation in higher education: A comparative study. Research in Higher Education, 15, 195-212.

Levine, A., Kendig, N., & Bae, M. (1997). Collegiate life: An obituary. Change, 30, 12-17, 51.

McConahay, ___, & Cote, R. (1998). The expanded grade context reward at Indiana University. Available at: www.educause.edu/ir/library/emq840/html.

McKeachie, W. J., Lin, Y. G. , & Mann, W. (1971). Student ratings of teacher effectiveness: Validity studies. American Educational Research Journal, 8, 435-445.

Worthington, A. G., & Wong, P. T. (1979). Effects of earned and assigned grades on student evaluations of an instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 764-775.